1 (1 ounce) square semi-sweet chocolate = 3 tablespoons semi-sweet chocolate chips or 1 (1 ounce) square unsweetened chocolate (or equivalent from above) plus 1 tablespoon sugar.

1 (6 ounce) package semi-sweet chocolate chips = 6 (1 ounce) squares semi-sweet chocolate or 6 tablespoons cocoa powder plus 7 tablespoons sugar and 3 tablespoons vegetable shortening

1 (4 ounce) bar sweet baking chocolate = 1/4 cup cocoa powder plus 1/3 cup sugar and 3 tablespoons vegetable shortening.

1 envelope premelted chocolate = 3 tablespoons cocoa powder plus 1 tablespoon vegetable oil or melted vegetable shortening.